Definition of Canon in Fiction and Literature

In fiction and literature, the canon is the collection of works considered representative of a period or genre. The collected works of William Shakespeare, for instance, would be part of the canon of western literature, since his writing and writing style has had a significant impact on nearly all aspects of that genre. How the Canon Changes The accepted body of work that comprises the canon of Western literature has evolved and changed over the years, however. For centuries, it was populated primarily by white men and was not representative of Western culture as a whole.   Over time, some works become less pertinent in the canon as theyre replaced by more modern counterparts. For instance, the works of Shakespeare and Chaucer are still considered significant.  But lesser-known writers of the past, such as William Blake and Matthew Arnold, have faded in relevance, replaced by modern counterparts like Ernest Hemingway (The Sun Also Rises), Langston Hughes (Harlem ), and Toni Morrison (Beloved). Origin of the Word Canon In religious terms, a canon is a standard of judgment or a text containing those views, such as the Bible or the Koran. Sometimes within religious traditions, as views evolve or change, some formerly canonical texts become apocryphal, meaning outside the realm of whats considered representative. Some apocryphal works are never granted formal  acceptance but are influential nevertheless. An example of an apocryphal text in Christianity would be the Gospel of Mary Magdelene. This is a highly controversial text not widely recognized in the Church — but it is believed to be the words of one of Jesus closest companions.   Cultural Significance and Canon Literature People of color have become more prominent parts of the canon as a past emphasis on Eurocentrism has waned. For example, contemporary writers such as Louise Erdrich (The Round House), Amy Tan (The Joy Luck Club), and James Baldwin (Notes of a Native Son) are representative of entire subgenres of African-American, Asian-American, and Native American styles of writing.   Posthumous Additions Some writers and artists work is not as well appreciated in their time, and their writing becomes part of the canon many years after their deaths. This is especially true of female writers such as Charlotte Bronte (Jane Eyre), Jane Austen (Pride and Prejudice), Emily Dickinson (Because I Could Not Stop for Death), and Virginia Woolf (A Room of Ones Own). The Evolving Canon Literary Definition Many teachers and schools rely on the canon to teach students about literature, so its crucial that it includes works that are representative of society, providing a snapshot of a given point in time. This, of course, has led to many disputes among literary scholars over the years. Arguments about which works are worthy of further examination and study are likely to continue as cultural norms and mores shift and evolve.   By studying canonical works of the past, we gain a new appreciation for them from a modern perspective. For instance, Walt Whitmans epic poem Song of Myself is now viewed as a seminal work of gay literature. During Whitmans lifetime, it was not necessarily read within that context.

A Reflection On My Career Goals - 998 Words

There was an eerie silence as I took the stand. As a witness for the defense, sitting in the Old Courthouse in St. Louis, I was unaware that my life would change. For the first time I became exposed to law. Since my first mock trial in the third grade, I came to recognize that law is not black and white, but shades of grey; just as life is full of grey. Reflecting on the relationship between law and life, my passion for law grew. My studies, my experiences, my determination and my curiosity became a reflection of my career goals. Ambitious and determined to become a lawyer, I entered college with political science on my mind. Sophomore year became another pivotal moment in my life. After taking Social Ethics offered by the philosophy department, I realized that what I was doing all along was philosophizing. Philosophy became the missing piece to my puzzle. I began to connect philosophy to life and to law. Confronted with my own health issues, I saw the connection between life, ethics, law and medicine. I found bioethics. Soaking in the principles of biomedical ethics, I took interest in clinical ethics consultation, medical decision-making, and the ethical, legal and social implications of new technologies. Overtime I learned the importance of applying the concepts of ethics to the study of law and medical practice. I appreciated bioethics as a reflective discipline and as an interdisciplinary field. As a student who majored in philosophy, triple minored in ethics,Show MoreRelatedReporting Studying senior social science subjects was the most influential factor which provided a1600 Words   |  7 Pagesa wonderful opportunity to discover my abilities and develop skills and confidence in critical thinking and systematic research processes. Especially, getting an A+ for a psychology report assignment and genuinely enjoying the process have given me a sense of competence in performing similar tasks such as planning and conducting experiments, analysing results, and evaluating research processes. After additional research, I became aware of various viable career paths associated with psychology, andRead MoreMy Nursing Philosophy : My Philosophy Of Nursing Practice1074 Words   |  5 PagesNursing philosophy My philosophy of nursing practice is being kind to others. I use my knowledge and skills to help people. I also respect patients’ preferences, values and choices even though they differ from mine. I will try to understand and show empathy to my patients through seeing them beyond their illness and provide holistic and culturally sensitive care. Nursing is not just a job that looks after the sickness, rather, it is about the humanity, about being a human for another human. As aRead MoreMy Academic Experience873 Words   |  4 PagesWeek 9: My Academic Experience Fatimah M. Myers US/101 April 13, 2013 University of Phoenix Instructor – Annette Kubalanza Outline – My Academic Experience 1. The Value of Completing a Degree in Higher Education 2. Plans for My Academic and Career Future 3. Reflections of Topics in Class A. Time and Stress Management B. University Resources C. Critical Thinking THE VALUE OF COMPLETINGRead MoreStudent Course Reflections Assignment Document1296 Words   |  6 PagesStudent Course Reflection Assignment Document Yekaterina Tarkovsky Introduction to University Studies - US101 Dr. Eli Reiter April 7, 2013 Introduction Introduction to University Studies class helped me realize how to create a plan of action for education and professional success by reflecting on lessons learned throughout this course. I would like to touch base on my favorite topics throughout this class and discuss my further plans in my professional life. Discussion * In the followingRead MoreWhy I Am An Effective Leader Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of this particular plan is to identify where I am in my career and what skills one will need to acquire in order to become and effective leader. Being an effective leader is of most importance for the development of any organization. Having read the information from this course on the many different types of leaders I have gained insight as to where I am lacking and what training and skills I need to be focusing on throughout my career path so that I may gain the sufficient knowledge that isRead MoreEssay on Promote Professional Development1154 Words   |  5 Pagesto further your career. I have worked within the care profession for almost 9 years, in which i started as a support worker, I have been encourage along the way to develop my career by up skilling and doing the various training that is required. Within my role I am bound by the regulations and codes of practices set out by the CQC and the national minimum standards, I am responsible for making sure that the welfare of the staff and service user and their families . within my role I am expectedRead MoreGraduation Speech : Career And Leadership Goals1711 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Æ' Career and Leadership Goals I first realized I wanted to be a gifted teacher while cadet teaching a gifted class during my senior year of high school. During this time, I worked with the gifted educator who taught me throughout elementary school. I knew from my first moments in the classroom that I could not work in a field other than gifted education. The children inspired me, and the curriculum kept me on my toes. I did not realized then that my love for teaching gifted children would eventuallyRead MoreA Practical Manual For Job Hunters And Career Changers By Richard Bolles Essay1700 Words   |  7 PagesSummary What Color is Your Parachute? 2015: A Practical Manual for Job-Hunters and Career-Changers by Richard Bolles offers a formula to identify one’s skills and interests to apply to today’s workforce. It provides guidance and support to the reader, requiring resilience and persistence to keep going in the light of rejection and disappointment. It coaches the reader on identifying weaknesses and pitfalls and strengthens one’s position in today’s competitive marketplace. The book is especiallyRead MorePersonal Statement For Nursing Leadership962 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout our nursing careers we have come into a situation where we needed to advocate for our patient or co-worker. It takes leadership skills, respect, and accountability to advocate in our workplace. Moreover, in order to create change one must first evaluate the issue then set goals to implement the plan. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my weaknesses and strengths to nursing, use o f current leadership skills to advocate change in the workplace, and reflection on personal goal for leadershipRead MoreHow I Could Evaluate My Own Experience1458 Words   |  6 Pagesthis reflection summary is to expose critically how I could evaluate my own experience in relation to the theories and idea about Leadership. As such as how this lectures and insights change my person notion about Leadership and how I could amplify my knowledge about this subject. Also the most important in this reflection is to present the importance of Leadership in my future experience. I have chosen four topics I though was more relevant to develop my person reflections connecting with my experience

Leadership in Organization Enron

Questions: 1. How can what happened at Enron be explained by some of the theories of leadership that you have looked at?2. In what ways does leadership influence culture?3. What can be done to reduce the type of unethical behavior demonstrated in this case? What are your recommendations? Answers: Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze the traits and characters of leadership and the ethical approach as taken by the team of managers of Enron. Enron is an US formed company dealing with resources such as natural gas, electricity and communications. In its early stage, Jeff Skilling was the CEO. The company failed to abide by proper leadership and ethics that an organization must follow in its business journey. The company has been triggered for its mal practices and numerous scandals. This paper will focus on various perspectives of leadership and ethics that are related to the working procedure of the company. Discussion: 1. How can what happened at Enron be explained by some of the theories of leadership that you have looked at? According to Tannenbaum, Weschler and Massarik, (2013), it is the trait of an individual that makes him distinguished between a leader and a non-leader. In fact, as pointed out by Aarons et al., (2015), that leaders are born and they are not made. However, leadership can be largely innate through learning rather than developing. In fact, research has proved that two basic terms related to leadership are personality and traits. However, there are certain criticisms towards this approach of leadership theory because the theory has been approached with much simplicity and it has failed to take other approaches, such as environmental or situational scenarios, behind the success or failure of a leader. As pointed out by McMurray et al., (2012), that leadership does depend on traits and characters but it is mainly accountable towards the situational factors that a leader has to face at the time of conducting his or her duty. In this respect, certain traits and characteristics can be discus sed that creates a great impact on the leadership. These characters are: Schizoid: Traits such as emotional coldness, indifference or detachment. Passive aggressiveness: Traits showed indifferent to normal occupational performance or when one easily gets irritated when something is told to do without his or her concern. Narcissistic: When an individual is greatly arrogant and haughty and grandiose a sense of self-importance. Northouse, (2015) introduced the concept of transformational leadership. According to him, leadership is a process involving the role of both leaders and his fellow companions to raise the levels of morality and motivation to a higher level. As stated by Nazir and Shah, (2014), a leader is one who has certain expectations to fulfill. These traits could be: a leader should set a model of integrity and fairness leader should set clear goals He should encourage others and provide support and recognition to the one in need He should be capable of stirring the emotions of the people He must inspire people to reach for what is improbable As suggested by Daft, (2014), one can become a transformational leader, if one is capable in the creation of inspiring vision for the future, keep motivating people to deliver their vision towards the development of the company and building a stronger and trust based relationship with the people involved in the organization. There has been identification of five traits in a leader. These are determination, self confidence, integrity, intelligence and sociability. The transformational model suggests that there should be the presence of all the mentioned traits in a leader. It has to be mentioned in this respect that if one of these traits went missing then there remains a doubt in the effective leadership of the individual. In case of Enron, there was complete absence of trait leadership. The key person never used to take other individuals in the company seriously and was more focused towards making financial profit for them. In this respect, it can be said that if the leadership approach would have been different, the scenario would have been different and the company would have functioned properly in the market. 2. In what ways does leadership influence culture? Organizational culture is often viewed in two perspectives; one explains how an organization is, while the other explains what an organization has. No matter what, but culture of an organization is greatly influenced by the leadership of the organization. A leader is responsible for branding the success or the failure of the organization. When the employees work under the guidance of a leader, a systematic approach is made towards the work and the employee looks towards the guidance of a leader to continue with their work. A strong and positive culture exhibited by well integrated and specific values, beliefs and culture shapes the culture of an organization. When the behavioral patterns are similar, it is expected that the company would achieve better in its productivity. As per the view point of Miner, (2015), a positive organizational culture is easily reflected in the work and development of a company. On the other hand, a negative culture in the work place is bound to affect the working condition of the organization. In respect to this approach, Gupta, Loon and Casimir, (2016), said that negative culture in a work place is capable enough to create a significant challenge for the organization that it would call for certain changes in the organization. In fact, a negative leadership shows a fast and dramatic effect on the culture of an organization. Negative culture can undermine the positive approaches undertaken by the managers of the company. A manipulative and complacency culture can create a challenging atmosphere in the work place (Myint, 2015). Leaders are viewed as the role model for others. In fact, the employees of an organization keep a good eye on the consistency and the role played by the leader. There is no doubt that leaders shape the culture of an organization and in fact, results in long term effect of the strategic planning of the organization. It is under the guidance of the leader and the manager of the company that the employees excel to achieve organizational goal. In fact, as pointed out by McPhail, (2015), it is the leader who set agenda and long term effectiveness of an organization. There is a clear indication that highlights the relationship between leadership strategies and the effectiveness of leadership role. As opined by Pullen and Rhodes, (2015), collectivism in leadership is indeed more fruitful than individualism. When the members of an organization work in a collective approach, the chances of gaining a positive result automatically increase. It becomes a privilege to work in a company that has a collective approach towards the company culture and are more employees centric. Enron has an individualism culture in the company. This culture along with unethical innovative ideas and the greed to pursuit profit has eroded the ethical consideration of the company. The company offered some promotional and incentive schemes but only to those belonging to the higher authorizes. Some of the key individuals of the company are Jeff Skilling, CEO of the company, the Chief Financial officer, Andrew Fastow and Mark. They were mostly responsible for shaping the culture of Enron. These people never approached the collective culture in the organization and were always focused towards their dominating nature. Trait leadership had no meaning with the type of performance that these key individual used to do. In fact, there was no integrity or truth worthiness among the leaders or the employees. This could be easily counted as one of the reasons for the devastating failure of the company. 3. What can be done to reduce the type of unethical behavior demonstrated in this case? What are your recommendations? As stated by Dent and Whitehead, (2013), every company reflects the ethical culture as it is practiced by the leader of the company. Ethical considerations are based on certain factors such as respect, integrity, excellence and communication. In the organization, people were encouraged for conducting unethical practices. Certain factors have been put forwarded by Chaturvedi, (2013), that shows how leadership can affect the culture of an organization. There are certain ways that might be taken into consideration by a leader of a company to improve the unethical behavior in the work place. Some of these cultures are: Positive visionaries and strategic thinking: A leader or a boss is the person who directs other members of the organization on what to do. It is the leader who lay out his vision that other people buy. This automatically creates a culture in the organization. Ethics that support positive values: People are more focused towards action than on words. However, actual purpose of a person is understood only through their action. People who value the ethics and work accordingly, create examples for others to follow (Frederickson Ghere, 2013). Empowerment: Responsibility, accountability and authority are the three major requisites to gain empowerment. When leadership is created in all level of organization and people are given the authority to act and manage responsibility, then a better consequence is expected. As pointed out by Garg and Tiwari, (2015), there are certain obstacles as well that hinders the performance of a leader. These obstacles are basically internal. These are false ego, fear, pre conceived ego and other such that creates a negative impact both among the individual or the organization as well. Again in opposed to that, it has been pointed out by Pullen and Rhodes, (2015), that people also learn to cope with these situations and bring active changes in them. All it depends on the leader itself. The high level managers used to take advantage of the compensation structure and were more inclined towards making profit for themselves rather than a collective approach towards the company. They were self serving pride people and they used to destroy the ethical consideration of the organization for the sake of their financial gain. The main scandal that they did was by shifting huge amount of resources away from the local region and then returning them by increasing the price of the product. This accounting scandal was enough for the company to get on their knees. Their continuous approach to encourage the use of non-standard accounting practices for the sake of making profit destroyed their work culture and resulted in their failure. Recommendations: With the understanding from several approaches gained by the literature review of the various facts and theories, it is certain that it is due to their dominancy in the leadership style and organizational culture that has resulted in the devastating failure of the company. However, certain recommendations can be made in respect that would have changed the organizational scenario, if better approaches were made by the company. Collective leadership: There should have been better understanding among the employees and the leaders as well. All the important decisions would have been taken by a collective approach rather than imposing the decision on others. Integrity in leadership: In fact, if there remained integrity among the leaders, Mark and Jeff then also better approaches could have been made towards the betterment of the organization. Ethical consideration: Key persons of the organizations were serving their pride; the loss in terms of financial consideration was a result of their own unethical approach towards the business. The leaders should have followed certain ethical guidelines in their business. Better organizational culture: It has been found that the leaders are greatly responsible for shaping the organizational culture. Instead of an arrogant and unethical approach if the leaders or managers promoted value and integrity in the work place, the result would have been better. Conclusion: It can be easily concluded that the devastating end of Enron is due to the lack of an organized leadership approach in the organization. The research and various theories that have been highlighted in this paper provide a clear understanding of the importance of a positive leadership in a company. Moreover, keeping a good level of ethical consideration is also important to carry out regular business operation. For the sake of making profit, one cannot ignore the fundamental ethical consideration. Thus, there unethical approach towards the business was also one of the reasons behind their decline. Reference list: Aarons, G. A., Ehrhart, M. G., Farahnak, L. R., Hurlburt, M. S. (2015). Leadership and organizational change for implementation (LOCI): a randomized mixed method pilot study of a leadership and organization development intervention for evidence-based practice implementation.Implementation Science,10(1), 11. Chaturvedi, V. (2013). The Role of Virtue Based Ethics and its Application for Effective Business Functioning: A Refurbishing Approach for Developing Ethics Based Organization.Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management,3(9), 131. Daft, R. (2014).The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dent, M., Whitehead, S. (Eds.). (2013).Managing professional identities: Knowledge, performativities and the'new'professional(Vol. 19). Routledge. Frederickson, H. G., Ghere, R. K. (2013).Ethics in public management. ME Sharpe. Garg, A., Tiwari, P. (2015). A Synthesis of Literature on Ethics Program for Political Behaviour in Organization.International Journal of Management Behavioural Sciences (IJMBS),6, 372. Li, Z., Gupta, B., Loon, M., Casimir, G. (2016). Combinative aspects of leadership style and emotional intelligence.Leadership Organization Development Journal,37(1). McMurray, A. J., Islam, M., Sarros, J. C., Pirola-Merlo, A. (2012). The impact of leadership on workgroup climate and performance in a non-profit organization.Leadership Organization Development Journal,33(6), 522-549. McPhail, K. (2015). Accounting, ethics and organization.The Routledge Companion to Ethics, Politics and Organizations, 181. Miner, J. B. (2015).Organizational behavior 1: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. Routledge. Myint, M. K. (2015). The recipe model of leadership: an approach linking leadership to managership. Nazir, T., Shah, S. F. H. (2014). Mediating effect of knowledge sharing between participative decision making, transformational leadership and organization performance.Journal of Management Info,1(1), 1-12. Northouse, P. G. (2015).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pullen, A., Rhodes, C. (Eds.). (2015).The Routledge Companion to Ethics, Politics and Organizations. Routledge. Tannenbaum, R., Weschler, I., Massarik, F. (2013).Leadership and organization. Routledge.